Gushyira hamwe kwa opozisiyo nyakuri birashoboka. Mu buhe buryo ?

Gushyira hamwe kwa opozisiyo ntibigomba kubamo agahato kandi kubyubaka ntibikwiye gufatwa nk’umwihariko wa bamwe. Nta muntu kamara mu kubungabunga ineza y’abenegihugu ndetse nta tsinda ry’abantu bayiharanira bonyine ngo babigereho. Mu yandi magambo, nta muntu n’umwe ufite urufunguzo yihariye rwo kubonera ibisubizo ibibazo byo mu rwego rwa politiki byugarije umuryango nyarwanda.

Ni ngombwa nanone kuzirikana ko gushyira hamwe kwa opozisiyo kwa nyako atari kwa kundi kw’amatsinda yiyubakira ku muntu umwe wiyita « umulideri » rubanda ikamukurikira nk’intama zikurikiye umushumba. Si kwa kundi kandi kw’amashyaka n’impuzamashyaka yishingikiriza ku gatsiko runaka gafatwa nk’icyitegererezo cyangwa urumuri kuri bose maze abakayobotse bakagakurikira kuri kibi na cyiza bibwira ko ari ko gakiza kabo, abatabyemeye bagashyirwa ku ruhande. Ahubwo, gushyira hamwe kwa opozisiyo kwa nyako ni ugufatanya urugendo ku bushake ruganisha abishyize hamwe ku nyungu basangiye. Ni kwa kundi gushingira ku ihame ry’uburiganire, aho buri wese akomeza kugira ijambo nk’iry’abandi mu kugena iyo nzira rusange, igihe gikwiye n’uburyo bwo kuyigendamo. Ni urugendo abarurimo bakurikira urumuri ruzanwa n’uko gushyira hamwe kwabo, bivuze ko igihe baba batagishyize hamwe na rwo rwaba rutagihari.

Muri bene urwo rugendo, « abalideri » bo muri opozisiyo ntibifata nk’abayobora abantu bagenzi babo. Baba basobanukiwe ko inshingano yabo ahubwo ari ukuyobora ibikorwa. Baba nanone biyumvisha neza ko itsinda bafitemo iyo nshingano rishobora kugereranywa n’umubiri w’ikinyabuzima runaka, bo bakaba urugingo rumwe muri nyinshi zikigize, kandi ko urwo rugingo rushobora kugira icyo rugeraho gusa ari uko umubiri wose ukifitemo ubuzima. Kuzirikana ibyo bituma birinda kuba abibone kandi bagahoza umutima wabo ku kubungabunga ubumwe bw’itsinda bayoborera ibikorwa.

Kugirango habeho kwishyira hamwe kwa opozisiyo hakenerwa ibintu nibura bibiri by’ingenzi :

(I) Urubuga rworohereza abashaka kwishyira hamwe kubikora.

Ni urubuga rushyirwaho kandi rukabungabungwa n’ubutegetsi bwa kidemokarasi. Mu bihugu nk’u Rwanda rwa none bitarangwamo demokarasi ndetse byamunzwe n’ivangura, guharanira ko urwo rubuga rubaho ni inshingano y’abo muri rubanda bose bari mu mimerere ibemerera kuyisohoza. Koko rero, ntawakwitega ko ubutegetsi bwa nyamuke (minority rule) bushobora kubaho butabiba amacakubiri. By’umwihariko, ubutegetsi nk’uburiho ubu mu Rwanda bwiyubatse mu buryo bwa apariteyidi (apartheid) nta bumwe ubwo ari bwo bwose bushobora kubaka, bwaba ubw’abanyarwanda muri rusange cyangwa ubw’ababugize ubwabo.

Ku bw’ibyo, umusingi uha rugari uburenganzira bwa buri wese bwo kwifatanya n’abandi ugomba kuba ushyigikiwe n’ubundi butegetsi butari uburiho ubu mu Rwanda. Ni ubutegetsi bwaba buhabwa igitsure n’amahanga yihagazeho afite bushobozi n’ubushake bwo kubungabunga umutekano w’abanyarwanda bashaka kwishyira hamwe (hakubiyemo n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi buriho ubu) n’ubwo kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu, burimo ku ikubitiro bune bukurikira :

− uburenganzira bwa buri wese bwo kuvuga icyo atekereza (freedom of expression),
− uburenganzira bwo kwishyira hamwe (freedom of association),
− uburenganzira bwo guteranira hamwe mu mahoro (freedom of peaceful assembly),
− Uburenganzira bwa buri wese bwo kugira uruhare mu mitegekere y’igihugu cye (everyone’s right to take part in the government of his country), mu buryo we ubwe cyangwa abinyujije ku bo yitoreye mu bwisanzure busesuye ngo bamuhagararire.

Abanyarwanda bari mu mimerere ibibemerera ni bo bagomba gufata iyambere mu kwiyubaka mu buryo bwa kidemokarasi nk’itsinda ryiteguye gushyiraho ubutegetsi bwa kidemokarasi mu Rwanda no mu gukora dipolomasi igamije gushakira igitsure ku mahanga yihagazeho afite ubushobozi n’ubushake bwo kubushyigikira mu gushyiraho urwo rufatiro ruzashingirwaho ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda bose nta vangura.

(II) Kwemeranya ku rutonde rw’ibibazo byugarije itsinda abashaka kwishyira hamwe bibumbiyemo. Umwanzuro ku rugero ibyo bibazo bigezamo bisumbanya uburemere, ku cyo bisaba ngo bikemurwe no ku isano iri hagati yabyo ni ngombwa. Urugero, n’ubwo ibibazo byugarije umuryango nyarwanda ari byinshi, umuntu yavuga ko igihatse byose ari icy’imitegekere ishyiriraho bamwe mu benegihugu inzitizi zo mu buryo bw’ubuvuke (barrières originelles) zituma batibona mu bashobora kugera ku butegetsi na bo. Igisubizo ni ikihe ? Ni ukubaka igihugu kiyobowe mu buryo bufungurira bose urubuga rwa politiki. Byakorwa bite ? Uburyo buboneye bwo kubyubaka ni ugushyiraho imitegekere yo mu buryo bwa leta gahuzamiryango (État multiculturel), ni ukuvuga imiyoborere iha ubwigene buri bwoko, buri karere na buri cyiciro cy’imibereho y’abaturarwanda (Consociation).

Birumvikana ko kugirango ibyo bintu bibiri bikenewe biboneke bisaba imihati ya buri wese mu bagize opozisiyo nyakuri. Ikidashidikanywaho ni uko ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda butazazanwa na politiki ishaje ishingiye ku gutsindagiriza ibyo basanzwe bahuriyeho nko kuba bavuga ururimi rumwe rw’ikinyarwanda n’ibindi. Ahubwo, ubumwe nyakuri bw’abenegihugu b’u Rwanda buzashingira ku bushake bwabo bwo kubaka imibanire myiza y’ibyo badahuriyeho (accommodating differences) nko kuba bamwe ari ba nyamuke abandi ari ba nyamwishi n’ibindi.

Ni koko, usibye uwaba afite inyungu ze bwite zituma yirengagiza ukuri, nta muntu ushishoza wari ukwiye kuba atabona ko imyumvire y’ubutegetsi buriho ubu mu Rwanda [ishingiye ku gitekerezo cy’uko ubumwe bw’abenegihugu ari nk’umurunga w’inyabutatu uhisha ubudasa (identité) bwa buri mugozi mu yiwugize] itabereye umuryango nyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bwo mu gihe kizaza bukwiye kuba bushingiye ku kuzirikana ko ubumwe bw’abenegihugu bwanagereranywa n’amashyiga atatu akorera hamwe mu gusohoza ishingano zayo bitabujije ko buri ryose muri yo rihagarara mu mwanya ryigengaho. Uko abantu barushaho gusobanukirwa uko kuri ni ko kubaka ibikenewe (ngo ugukorera hamwe kwa opozisiyo nyakuri kujye mbere) na byo birushaho koroha.

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Ubunyarwanda buha uturere ubwigene*

Imiyoborere yo mu buryo bw’ihuzabutegetsi (fédéralisme) ni uburyo butanga icyizere bwo gushakira igisubizo kiboneye ikibazo cy’amasinde karande yo mu rwego rwa politiki abangamira umwuka w’ubumwe mu bavuga rikijyana mu muryango nyarwanda.

Amatora yo muri nzeli 1961 yari yahaye amashyaka ya opozisiyo y'icyo gihe inshingano n'uburyo byo kubaka demokarasi mu Rwanda. Imicungire mibi y'ikibazo cy'ubwigene bw'uturere yatumye iyo nshingano idasohozwa maze buhoro buhoro igitugu gihigika demokarasi yari ikiri mu myaka yo kwirema.

Imyaka irenga 30 nyuma yaho, amasezerano y'i Arusha yo muri kanama 1993 yari yatanze urufatiro rw'amahinduka meza yashoboraga kuba yarashubije iyimikabutegetsi mu maboko y'abanyarwanda bujuje imyaka yo gutora. Yari yarafashije amashyaka ya opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi kubona imyanya myinshi mu buyobozi bukuru bw'igihugu. Ayo mashyaka yari yaratoranyijwemo uwari kuzaba minisitiri w'intebe. Yari yarahawe kandi gushyiraho ba minisitiri muri minisiteri 11 kuri 21, mu gihe ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi icyo gihe ryo ryari gushyiraho abaminisitiri 5 gusa. Byongeye, yari yarahawe imyanya irenga 50% mu nteko ishinga amategeko ndetse ahabwa igikundiro cyo gushyiraho biro (bureau) y'iyo nteko. Ibintu byari biteye ku buryo uramutse ufashe imyanya yose yari yahawe opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi (ni ukuvuga yari yahawe amashyaka yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwariho adakoresheje inzira y'intambara) ukayongeraho iyari yahawe ishyaka FPR ryo ryaburwanyirizaga ku ruhembe rw'umuheto, wasanga ubutegetsi bwari bwashyizwe mu buryo budasubirwaho mu maboko ya opozisiyo (ku kigero kiri hejuru ya 70%). Ku bw'amahirwe make y'abakunzi b'amahoro n'abari basonzeye demokarasi, kubera ko imicungire y'ikibazo cy'ubwigene bw'uturere yari yarakomeje kuba mibi ndetse kikaba kitaritaweho ngo gishakirwe igisubizo mu mishyikirano yakurikiwe n’isinywa ry’ayo masezerano, opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi yananiwe kwinjira mu butegetsi mu buryo bwari gushyigikira amaza ya demokarasi mu Rwanda. Mu kudashingira ku ihame ry'ubwigene bw'uturere n’ubw’imiryango migari (communautés ethniques, linguistiques…) ya buri karere kandi batayobewe ko icyo kibazo cyariho, abavugaga rikijyana mu mishyikirano bapfushije ubusa intambwe igana kuri demokarasi isangiwe na bose bari bateye yo gutangiza inzira yo gushaka ibisubizo binyuriye mu nzira y’umwumvikano (compromis).

Amashyaka ya opozisiyo yariho mu ntangiriro y'imyaka ya za 1990 yitwaye kimwe n'ayo mu w'1961 mu bihereranye no kudaha rugari igitekerezo cy'imitegekere yo mu buryo bw'uturere twunze ubumwe (entités federées), bituma igitugu cyongera kuniga demokarasi. Ni koko, uko kudakoresha amahirwe yari yahawe (yo kwinjira mu butegetsi) mu kubaka ubwigene bw'uturere byatumye adasohoza inshingano yo kugeza u Rwanda kuri rubanda rwunze ubumwe, mu buringanire na demokarasi isangiwe na bose. Haba mu w'1961 cyangwa mu w'1993, impande zombi (ni ukuvuga ishyaka ryabaga riri ku butegetsi, ku ruhande rumwe, n'amashyaka yabaga abarirwa muri opozisiyo, ku rundi ruhande) zisobwe no kubona urugero guha ubwigene uturere byari bikenewemo, zinanirwa zityo gushyiraho urufatiro rwajyaga gufasha mu gusigasira mu buryo burambye umurage wa kamarampaka yo mu w'1961. Mu bihe byombi, mu bwikunde bukabije, buri ruhande rwabaga ruharanira kuzatsindira (cyangwa gukomeza) gutegeka u Rwanda rwose uko rwakabaye ruzi neza ko bene iyo mitegekere yo mu buryo bwa mpatsuturere itari kunogera benshi mu batuye uturere twiganjemo abakomeye ku bwigene bw'uturere twabo. "Amashyushyu yo kwegukana byose" (kuri bamwe) n'"ubwoba bwo guhezwa" (ku bandi) byabaye nyirabayazana w'umuco mubi wakomeje kuranga menshi mu mashyaka ya politiki wo kudatahiriza umugozi umwe n'uw'imikoranire yo mu buryo bwa "ncenga ngucenge". By'umwihariko, kudatekereza ingaruka mbi uwo mwuka mubi (wo guteburana wo mu buryo bwa ''vamo njyemo'' kimwe n'uwo mu buryo bwa "simbikozwa") utari kubura kugira ku bumwe bw'abanyarwanda, byatumye impande zombi zitihatira kurenga amasinde zabaga zifitanye.

Haba mu w'1961, haba mu w'1993, u Rwanda rwari rukeneye abanyapolitiki bari kuba

(a) baraharaniraga inyungu zirambye z'abanyarwanda bose bemera kuganira na bagenzi babo bo mu tundi turere hagamijwe kumvikana k'ukuntu bari gushyiraho guverinoma mpuzaturere (état fédéral) yari gushingira ku byo bari kuba bemeranyaho.

(b) baraciye ukubiri n'imyumvire ishaje y'uko u Rwanda rugomba kuyoborwa byanze bikunze n'"umwami" umwe.

(c) baratahuye ko ibibazo byerekeranye n'ubwigene bwa buri bwoko bitari biteye kimwe mu turere twose ku buryo guha ubwigene buri karere byari gushyiraho urufatiro rutuma ibyo bibazo bigenerwa ibisubizo bihuje n'imimerere.

(2) bitewe n'uburyo umuryango nyarwanda uteye, politiki yo mu buryo bwa mpatsuturere (état unitaire), aho gushyigikira demokarasi, iha rugari imitegekere y'igitugu, urugomo no gucabiranya, ikabangamira uburinganire bw'uturere kandi igatuma ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda butagerwaho.

(3) muri iki gihe, na bwo hari abanyarwanda batari bacye ndetse bari mu bavuga rikijyana batarabona ko amaza ya demokarasi isangiwe na bose mu Rwanda n'ubu abangamirwa no kuba amasinde ashingiye ku turere atarabonerwa igisubizo kiboneye.

Birashoboka rwose ko iyo u Rwanda ruza kuba rwari ruyobowe mu buryo bw'uturere twunze ubumwe biba byararurinze kugerwaho n'akaga rumazemo igihe kirekire. Koko rero, ''kubaka ubunyarwanda buha uturere ubwigene'' hagashyirwaho imitegekere yo mu buryo bwa ''ihuzabutegetsi'' (fédéralisme) ni uburyo butanga icyizere bwo gushakira igisubizo kiboneye ikibazo cy'amasinde karande yo mu rwego rwa politiki abangamira umwuka w’ubumwe mu bavuga rikijyana mu muryango nyarwanda.

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*Inyandiko igizwe ahanini n’ibikubiye mu butumwa bwanyujijwe ku rubuga rwa facebook mu kwezi kwa kanama 2019.

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