IBITEKEREZO-RUGERO KU BUNYARWANDA BUHA BOSE RUGARI*

Nta gushidikanya ko u Rwanda rwakungukira bidasanzwe mu ishyirwaho ry’ubutegetsi bwo mu buryo bw’uturere twishyize hamwe (entités fédérées)1 bushingiye ku ihame ry’ubwiganze bw’amajwi y’abatoye, bwubahiriza ihame ry’ubwuzuzanye n’iry’uburinganire bw’abenegihugu kandi buha buri bwoko na buri karere ubwigene n’umwanya ukwiye mu mitegekere y’igihugu.

Dore ibitekerezo-shingiro bitanu bishobora kuba urufatiro rwiza kandi rutajegajega muri iryo yubakagihugu gahuzamiryango :

Igitekerezo-shingiro cya mbere

Umushoborabyose ni Imana.

Igitekerezo-shingiro cya 2

(I) Buri muntu, ijwi.

(II) Ntawe uzongera gutotezwa, kuburabuzwa cyangwa kwigizwayo muri politiki azizwa kuba ahuje ubwoko na benshi mu bashobora gutora.

Igitekerezo-shingiro cya 3

(I) Si ngombwa ko abahagararira abandi baba bahuje na bo ubwoko (batuye mu karere kamwe). Icyakora, ni ngombwa ko abahagararira ubwoko (akarere) runaka mu rwego rw'amategeko baba baratowe n'ababugize (n'abagatuyemo).

(II) Isangiragihugu gahuzamiryango :

(A) Umubare w'abahagararira ubwoko runaka mu nteko ishinga amategeko waba ungana nibura n'umubare w'inshuro wakuba n'ijanisha-fatizo runaka ry'abashobora gutora kugirango ugere ku ijanisha ringana n'iryo abagize ubwo bwoko bafite mu bashobora gutora. Ni na ko byaba bimeze ku bagize icyiciro cy'abatora batanyujije amajwi yabo mu bwoko runaka.

(B) Umubare w'abahagararira ikomini muri njyanama y'akarere waba ungana nibura n'umubare w'inshuro wakuba n'ijanisha-fatizo runaka ry'abaturage bako bashobora gutora kugirango ugere ku ijanisha ringana n'iryo abaturage b'iyo komini bafite mu baturage b'ako karere bashobora gutora.

(III) Itoramyanzuro riha rugari amahitamo ya rubanda :

(A) Kubaka umuco w’ishingamategeko rikoresha inzira ya kamarampaka, hakubiyemo na za kamarampaka zisabwe n’abagize rubanda ubwabo (référendum d’initiative populaire), ni uburyo bwafasha mu guca umuco mubi wo guhakirizwa n’uw’ubusumbane bukabije hagati ya rubanda n'abavuga rikijyana mu bihereranye no kugira uruhare mu guha igihugu icyerekezo.

(B) Kuzamura umubare w'abagize inteko nshingamategeko (njyanama), biganisha ku ijanisha-fatizo ryavuzwe haruguru rirushaho kuba rito, ni uburyo butuma haba abandi banyarwanda binjira mu nteko nshingamategeko (muri njyanama), bityo na bo bakagira uruhare mu mikorere yayo.

Igitekerezo-shingiro cya 4

Amasezerano y'ubufatanye (coalition) hagati y'abatorewe guhagararira ubwoko (amakomini) runaka ni uburyo bwakwifashishwa mu kubaka ubumwe no mu kwirinda ko imishinga ya za guverinoma yadindizwa no kubura gishyigikira mu nteko nshingamategeko (njyanama).

Igitekerezo-shingiro cya 5

Mu gihe demokarasi yaba imaze gushinga imizi, u Rwanda rwaba rushobora kureka kwisunga gusa igitsure cy'amahanga yihagazeho arushyigikiye muri iyi politiki gahuzamiryango, rugasubizaho urwego rw'ingabo z'igihugu.


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1Uturere tw’u Rwanda uko ari tune (amajyepfo cyangwa “Nduga ngari”, amajyaruguru cyangwa “Rukiga ngari”, uburasirazuba cyangwa “Buganza ngari” n'umurwa mukuru cyangwa “Kigali ngari”) dufite byinshi duhuriyeho ariko nanone dufite ibyo dutandukaniyeho, hakubiyemo kuba umutungo kamere watwo udateye kimwe kandi ntuboneke hose ku gipimo kimwe. Akarere k’amajyaruguru (Rukiga ngari) kagizwe n’ubutaka bw’u Rwanda rwa none buherereye hejuru y’urubibi rutandukanya Karongi na Rutsiro, umugezi wa Nyabarongo, umugezi wa Nyabugogo, no mu burengerazuba bw’umurongo uhuza Cyamutara na Muti-Nyagahanga (uciye i Rwafandi, mu Rukomo n’i Kagamba), n’imigezi ya Walufu na Kagitumba. Akarere k’umurwa mukuru (Kigali ngari) gahana imbibi n’akarere k’urukiga n’ikiyaga cya Muhazi mu majyaruguru yawo, akarere k’induga mu burengerazuba bwawo, igihugu cy’u Burundi mu majyepfo yawo, n’ikiyaga cya Mugesera mu burasirazuba bwawo. Akarere k’amajyepfo (Nduga ngari) kagizwe n’ubutaka bw’u Rwanda rwa none buherereye hagati y’ibihugu by’u Burundi na Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, akarere k’urukiga n’umugezi w’Akanyaru. Akerere k’uburazirazuba (Buganza ngari) kagizwe n’ubutaka buherereye mu burasirazuba bw’umujyi wa Kigali n’akarere k’amajyaruguru.

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*Inyandiko igizwe ahanini n’ibikubiye mu butumwa bwanyujijwe ku rubuga rwa facebook mu kwezi kwa kamena 2020.

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Ubunyarwanda buha uturere ubwigene*

Imiyoborere yo mu buryo bw’ihuzabutegetsi (fédéralisme) ni uburyo butanga icyizere bwo gushakira igisubizo kiboneye ikibazo cy’amasinde karande yo mu rwego rwa politiki abangamira umwuka w’ubumwe mu bavuga rikijyana mu muryango nyarwanda.

Amatora yo muri nzeli 1961 yari yahaye amashyaka ya opozisiyo y'icyo gihe inshingano n'uburyo byo kubaka demokarasi mu Rwanda. Imicungire mibi y'ikibazo cy'ubwigene bw'uturere yatumye iyo nshingano idasohozwa maze buhoro buhoro igitugu gihigika demokarasi yari ikiri mu myaka yo kwirema.

Imyaka irenga 30 nyuma yaho, amasezerano y'i Arusha yo muri kanama 1993 yari yatanze urufatiro rw'amahinduka meza yashoboraga kuba yarashubije iyimikabutegetsi mu maboko y'abanyarwanda bujuje imyaka yo gutora. Yari yarafashije amashyaka ya opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi kubona imyanya myinshi mu buyobozi bukuru bw'igihugu. Ayo mashyaka yari yaratoranyijwemo uwari kuzaba minisitiri w'intebe. Yari yarahawe kandi gushyiraho ba minisitiri muri minisiteri 11 kuri 21, mu gihe ishyaka ryari ku butegetsi icyo gihe ryo ryari gushyiraho abaminisitiri 5 gusa. Byongeye, yari yarahawe imyanya irenga 50% mu nteko ishinga amategeko ndetse ahabwa igikundiro cyo gushyiraho biro (bureau) y'iyo nteko. Ibintu byari biteye ku buryo uramutse ufashe imyanya yose yari yahawe opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi (ni ukuvuga yari yahawe amashyaka yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwariho adakoresheje inzira y'intambara) ukayongeraho iyari yahawe ishyaka FPR ryo ryaburwanyirizaga ku ruhembe rw'umuheto, wasanga ubutegetsi bwari bwashyizwe mu buryo budasubirwaho mu maboko ya opozisiyo (ku kigero kiri hejuru ya 70%). Ku bw'amahirwe make y'abakunzi b'amahoro n'abari basonzeye demokarasi, kubera ko imicungire y'ikibazo cy'ubwigene bw'uturere yari yarakomeje kuba mibi ndetse kikaba kitaritaweho ngo gishakirwe igisubizo mu mishyikirano yakurikiwe n’isinywa ry’ayo masezerano, opozisiyo ya kidemokarasi yananiwe kwinjira mu butegetsi mu buryo bwari gushyigikira amaza ya demokarasi mu Rwanda. Mu kudashingira ku ihame ry'ubwigene bw'uturere n’ubw’imiryango migari (communautés ethniques, linguistiques…) ya buri karere kandi batayobewe ko icyo kibazo cyariho, abavugaga rikijyana mu mishyikirano bapfushije ubusa intambwe igana kuri demokarasi isangiwe na bose bari bateye yo gutangiza inzira yo gushaka ibisubizo binyuriye mu nzira y’umwumvikano (compromis).

Amashyaka ya opozisiyo yariho mu ntangiriro y'imyaka ya za 1990 yitwaye kimwe n'ayo mu w'1961 mu bihereranye no kudaha rugari igitekerezo cy'imitegekere yo mu buryo bw'uturere twunze ubumwe (entités federées), bituma igitugu cyongera kuniga demokarasi. Ni koko, uko kudakoresha amahirwe yari yahawe (yo kwinjira mu butegetsi) mu kubaka ubwigene bw'uturere byatumye adasohoza inshingano yo kugeza u Rwanda kuri rubanda rwunze ubumwe, mu buringanire na demokarasi isangiwe na bose. Haba mu w'1961 cyangwa mu w'1993, impande zombi (ni ukuvuga ishyaka ryabaga riri ku butegetsi, ku ruhande rumwe, n'amashyaka yabaga abarirwa muri opozisiyo, ku rundi ruhande) zisobwe no kubona urugero guha ubwigene uturere byari bikenewemo, zinanirwa zityo gushyiraho urufatiro rwajyaga gufasha mu gusigasira mu buryo burambye umurage wa kamarampaka yo mu w'1961. Mu bihe byombi, mu bwikunde bukabije, buri ruhande rwabaga ruharanira kuzatsindira (cyangwa gukomeza) gutegeka u Rwanda rwose uko rwakabaye ruzi neza ko bene iyo mitegekere yo mu buryo bwa mpatsuturere itari kunogera benshi mu batuye uturere twiganjemo abakomeye ku bwigene bw'uturere twabo. "Amashyushyu yo kwegukana byose" (kuri bamwe) n'"ubwoba bwo guhezwa" (ku bandi) byabaye nyirabayazana w'umuco mubi wakomeje kuranga menshi mu mashyaka ya politiki wo kudatahiriza umugozi umwe n'uw'imikoranire yo mu buryo bwa "ncenga ngucenge". By'umwihariko, kudatekereza ingaruka mbi uwo mwuka mubi (wo guteburana wo mu buryo bwa ''vamo njyemo'' kimwe n'uwo mu buryo bwa "simbikozwa") utari kubura kugira ku bumwe bw'abanyarwanda, byatumye impande zombi zitihatira kurenga amasinde zabaga zifitanye.

Haba mu w'1961, haba mu w'1993, u Rwanda rwari rukeneye abanyapolitiki bari kuba

(a) baraharaniraga inyungu zirambye z'abanyarwanda bose bemera kuganira na bagenzi babo bo mu tundi turere hagamijwe kumvikana k'ukuntu bari gushyiraho guverinoma mpuzaturere (état fédéral) yari gushingira ku byo bari kuba bemeranyaho.

(b) baraciye ukubiri n'imyumvire ishaje y'uko u Rwanda rugomba kuyoborwa byanze bikunze n'"umwami" umwe.

(c) baratahuye ko ibibazo byerekeranye n'ubwigene bwa buri bwoko bitari biteye kimwe mu turere twose ku buryo guha ubwigene buri karere byari gushyiraho urufatiro rutuma ibyo bibazo bigenerwa ibisubizo bihuje n'imimerere.

(2) bitewe n'uburyo umuryango nyarwanda uteye, politiki yo mu buryo bwa mpatsuturere (état unitaire), aho gushyigikira demokarasi, iha rugari imitegekere y'igitugu, urugomo no gucabiranya, ikabangamira uburinganire bw'uturere kandi igatuma ubumwe bw'abanyarwanda butagerwaho.

(3) muri iki gihe, na bwo hari abanyarwanda batari bacye ndetse bari mu bavuga rikijyana batarabona ko amaza ya demokarasi isangiwe na bose mu Rwanda n'ubu abangamirwa no kuba amasinde ashingiye ku turere atarabonerwa igisubizo kiboneye.

Birashoboka rwose ko iyo u Rwanda ruza kuba rwari ruyobowe mu buryo bw'uturere twunze ubumwe biba byararurinze kugerwaho n'akaga rumazemo igihe kirekire. Koko rero, ''kubaka ubunyarwanda buha uturere ubwigene'' hagashyirwaho imitegekere yo mu buryo bwa ''ihuzabutegetsi'' (fédéralisme) ni uburyo butanga icyizere bwo gushakira igisubizo kiboneye ikibazo cy'amasinde karande yo mu rwego rwa politiki abangamira umwuka w’ubumwe mu bavuga rikijyana mu muryango nyarwanda.

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*Inyandiko igizwe ahanini n’ibikubiye mu butumwa bwanyujijwe ku rubuga rwa facebook mu kwezi kwa kanama 2019.

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