II. Umuntu agira ubwoko bwinshi kandi buri bumwe muri bwo bushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byinshi no mu nzego nyinshi. Urugero, umuntu ashobora kuba ari umutwa/umututsi/umuhutu wo mu cyiciro cy’abo mu « majyepfo » cyangwa bo « majyaruguru »; bo mu « cyaro » cyangwa bo mu « mujyi »; b’« abakene » cyangwa b’« abakire ». Nanone, ubwoko buvugwa ku muntu runaka buba bushobora kuba buri muri rumwe cyangwa nyinshi mu nzego zikurikira :
1. UBWOKO KU MUTWE (IDENTITÉ DE FACTO) —Urugero: ubunyarwanda ku mutwe (rwandité de facto) n’inzego zabwo :
(a) Ubunyarwanda bwo mu buvuke : ni ubunyarwanda bw’umuntu uvuka ku babyeyi barimo nibura umwe w’umunyarwanda.
(b) Ubunyarwanda bwo mu burere : ni ubunyarwanda bw’umuntu wararerewe mu muryango wo mu bwoko bw’abanyarwanda, yaba avuka ku babyeyi « barimo nibura umwe w’umunyarwanda wo mu buvuke » cyangwa avuka ku babyeyi « bombi batari abanyarwanda bo mu buvuke ».
(c) Ubunyarwanda bwo muri politiki : ni ubunyarwanda bw’umuntu wagize irye na we ku mugaragaro izina ry’ubunyarwanda ubwabwo hamwe n’ibibazo byo mu rwego rwa politiki byugarije umuryango mugari w’abanyarwanda n’inyungu rusange byawo, yaba yarawurerewemo cyangwa yararerewe mu muryango wo mu bundi bwoko, yaba ari « umunyarwanda wo mu buvuke » cyangwa « atari umunyarwanda wo mu buvuke ».2, 3, 4
2. UBWOKO BWO MU MATEGEKO (IDENTITÉ DE JURE) —Urugero : ubunyarwanda bwo mu mategeko (rwandité de jure) : Ubunyarwanda bwo mu mategeko : ni ubunyarwanda bwanditse ku ikarita ndangamuntu ya nyirabwo, bugaragara mu nyandiko zindi z’ubutegetsi buhagarariye abanyarwanda zemeza umwirondoro we cyangwa bwahamywa n’umutegetsi uhagarariye abanyarwanda ubifitiye ububasha.5, 6, 7
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1Ubunyarwanda ni ubwoko buhuriweho na benshi mu baturarwanda. Iyi nyandiko ibwibandaho mu buryo bw’urugero (exemple). Abagize ubundi bwoko bw’abaturarwanda, ubuyivugwamo n’ubutayivugwamo, uburiho ubu n’ubuzabaho, bemerewe kuyiyerekezaho bandukura amagambo « ubunyarwanda », « umunyarwanda/-munyarwanda » n’« abanyarwanda » aho bikenewe bakahandika andi nka yo ajyanye n’ubwoko bwabo.
2Amagambo « identité », « ethnie », « race » na « clan » asobanurwa n'ijambo rimwe mu kinyarwanda: ubwoko. Nta kinyarwanda cyihariye kibaho kuri buri rimwe muri aya magambo uko ari ane. Urugero, mu gifaransa umuntu ashobora kuvuga ngo « identité hutue » na « ethnie hutue ». Mu kinyarwanda ho byombi byavugwa ngo « ubwoko hutu ». Ibyo ntibivuga ariko ko inyito « hutu », « tutsi », « twa » atari amazina y'ubwoko. Hari nibura ibintu umuntu yashingiraho yemeza ko izo nyito ari amazina y’« ubwoko »: (1) ubwoko (groupe ethnique) bushobora gusobanurwa ko ari "itsinda ry'abantu bahuriye ku myizerere karande ishingiye ku marangamutima abemeza ko baba bahuje umukurambere bakomokaho, baba batekereza batyo bashingiye ku kuba basanga hari imiterere y'umubiri cyangwa imigenzo cyangwa byombi baba bahuriyeho, cyangwa bakaba bashingira ku mateka yihariye bazi cyangwa bibwira ko bahuriyeho" —Ushaka gusobanukirwa kurushaho yasoma inyandiko za Max Weber. (2) byemeranywaho na benshi ko « hutu », « tutsi », « twa » ari za « identités » (ni ukuvuga « ubwoko », mu kinyarwanda) benshi mu banyarwanda na bamwe mu benegihugu b'ibihugu bituranye n'u Rwanda bibonamo kuva nibura mu kinyejana cya 19.
3Ubwiganze bw’amajwi y’abagize icyiciro runaka mu bigize ubwoko bwa politiki cyangwa y’abagize ibyiciro byo muri bwo birenze kimwe byishyize hamwe ni bwo bugena uko abahagararira ubwo bwoko batorwa kandi ni bwo buha icyerekezo abatowe.
4Si ngombwa ko umutegetsi uhagarariye abagize ubwoko runaka aba byanze bikunze avuka ku mubyeyi ubarirwa mu babugize. Ahubwo icy'ingenzi ni uko iyo nshingano aba yayihawe n’abagize ubwo bwoko ubwabo ku bwiganze nibura busesuye bw’ababugize.
5Uwitwa Ann Morning yagaragaje ko mu bihugu 138 byakozweho ubushakashatsi, nibura 87 (ni ukuvuga 63%) byakoze ibirenze kwemera ukubaho kw’amoko muri byo, ahubwo binakora ibarura rigamije kumenya uko umubare w’abagize buri bwoko ungana ndetse yibutsa ko kwemera ko ubwoko buriho no kubarura ababugize bishobora kugira akamaro mu [guha abenegihugu bose amahirwe angana] no kwirinda ko hagira ubwoko bukorerwa ivangura (« enumeration for antidiscrimination », mu rurimi rw’icyongereza, cyangwa « compter pour justifier l’action positive », mu rurimi rw’igifaransa).
6Iyo igihe cy'itora kigeze, abatora banyujije amajwi yabo mu bwoko runaka ni bo ubwabo bitegurira kandi bakiyoborera igikorwa cy'itora. Nyuma y'ibarurwa ry'amajwi, abateguye kandi bakayobora itora batangaza by'agateganyo ibyarivuyemo kandi bakageza ku rwego rw'akarere rushinzwe amatora raporo y'ibyarivuyemo. Urwego rushinzwe amatora mu karere bireba ni rwo rufite inshingano yo gukoresha buri tora rireba abagize icyiciro cy'abatora batanyujije amajwi yabo mu bwoko runaka. Iyo impaka ku mitunganirize yaryo no ku byarivuyemo zimaze gukemuka, abateguye kandi bakayobora itora bemeza bidasubirwaho amazina y'abatowe n'imyanya batorewe (cyangwa bakemeza ko itora risubirwamo) bakabitangaza ku mugaragaro. Nyuma y'igihe runaka cyateganyijwe ibyavuye mu itora runaka bidateshejwe agaciro n'« Inteko y'Akarere » ku bwiganze busesuye burimo ubwiganze busesuye bw'abayihagarariyemo ubwoko cyangwa icyiciro bireba, bifatwa nk'ibyemejwe mu buryo bwa burundu bikavuga ko abatowe bashobora kwinjira mu myanya batorewe.
7Imwe mu nshingano z’ibanze z’abahagarariye ubwoko runaka ni ukunoza politiki y’ibigenderwaho mu kwemeza ko umuntu runaka yemerewe guhabwa inyemezabwoko yemewe n’amategeko. Ni inshingano yabo kandi kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abagize ubwoko bahagarariye, bo mu nzego zabwo zose n’abo mu byiciro byabwo byose, bwo kwisanzura mu mahitamo yabo hakubiyemo n’ayatuma, mu gihe runaka cyangwa mu buryo burambye, ubwoko bwabo bwa politiki buba budahuye n’ubwoko bwabo bw’ubuvuke cyangwa ubw’uburere cyangwa bwombi.
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